Progressive Historians Essays - Frontier Thesis,

Progressive Historians One must decide the meaning of "progressive historiography." It can mean either the history written by "progressive historians," or it can mean history written by historians of the Progressive era of American history and shortly after. The focus that was chosen for this paper is more in keeping with the latter interpretation, if for no other reason than it provides a useful compare-and-contrast "control" literature. The caveat is this: the focus of this report is on the predominant question of the historiographical period: was the war a revolution or a war for independence? One could choose many other questions to argue, questions that historians have for years disputed about the revolution, but there are a number of reasons why this report was chosen for this particular assignment; the two best follow. First, it is an old and time-honored question that professors and instructors have posed to their students for years; of pre-Civil War historiographical questions, it is perhaps second only in fashion during the last twenty to twenty-five years to the Jefferson-Hemmings paternity controversy. Second, the revolution-or-independence question is one of those which must be answered through interpretation. A case cannot be made that is so utterly conclusive as to exclude all others; it is that very fact that makes history at once so frustrating and so fascinating. What better way could there be to look at the writings of a specific school of historians? Therefore, in the pursuit of "personal truth," we must proceed... Perhaps the most famous of all progressive historians is Frederick Jackson Turner. His most famous argument is not devoted strictly to the American Revolution, but instead to the effects of the American frontier. In a sentence, his argument is that the frontier was the chief determinant in American history. This is not to say that Turner did not write about the war; he did, in his seminal work, "The Frontier in American History," there are discussions of the frontier's effect on the coming of the revolution. It is worth noting, before exploring Turner's arguments, that the frontier in this period was only about one hundred miles from the Atlantic coast. Of course, as the period under scrutiny approaches the war chronologically, the frontier moves away from the ocean. But it is important to remember that Turner defines the Jamestown of Captain John Smith in 1607 as the frontier in its initial stage. So, in this context, it makes sense to the almost-twenty-first-century reader when Turner refers to the frontier as defined by the Proclamation of 1763 as the "Old West." Turner gives an idea of his world-view near the end of the book: The transformations through which the United States is passing in our own day are so profound, so far-reaching, that it is hardly an exaggeration to say that we are witnessing the birth of a new nation in America. The revolution in social and economic structure of this country during the past two decades is comparable to what occurred when independence was declared and the constitution was formed, or to the changes wrought by the era which began half a century ago, the era of Civil War and Reconstruction (Turner 1920, 311). This point bears further examination in the context of all the historians being compared in this paper, but in a later section. It is more important at this point to continue with the discussion of Turner's examination of the war as it relates to his frontier thesis. Briefly, Turner argues five points specific to the war in his overall treatment of the frontier. First, a fighting frontier had been established from Georgia to New England as a result of the colonial wars with the French. Second, a primitively agricultural and democratically self-sufficient society had been established on the frontier that was profoundly and fundamentally different from the society from which the frontiersmen's progenitors had sprung; it is of course because those progenitors were different from their fellows that they came across the ocean in the first place. Third, the frontier developed home markets for the growing?--though still small?--colonial industrial base, lessening the importance of the triangular trade. Fourth, non-English settlers had caused an unintended and at first informal breach with the mother country that later fueled separatist sentiment; it is no great thing in the thick of rebellion to forget that the war was at first a war for the rights of Englishmen when one is not an Englishman in the first place. Fifth, the frontier by its very nature reflected a contest between the privileged and the non-privileged; Turner maintains

Essay Sample on Capital Punishment My Point of View

Essay Sample on Capital Punishment My Point of View A great many cases can be made in justifying for and against capital punishment. My view is that capital punishment is wrong in all circumstances as I believe in the most compelling argument of all which is based on: the risk of killing an innocent person, failure to recognize a person can repent and change and that disproportionate poor and ethnic minorities could be killed. Committing a crime involves performing a social act that offends the laws of a society. This can range from stealing a packet of crisps from a shop, to murder. There are lots of reasons for which people commit a crime, whether it is because they are poor so they have to commit robberies to survive, or because they are mentally ill and do not realize the difference between right and wrong. At the present, drugs are a major reason for generating crime. Drug addicts need drugs to keep themselves functioning properly. So to do this, they need money to buy drugs. The only way they can get the money, if they have run out of their own, is by committing money making crimes and stealing. There are a variety of ways to punish the criminals but it is not, and should not, be all about punishing them. I believe the cause of the problem should be found out, and that this should be solved. For example if a man steals to feed his family, he should not be punished as this is the states fault for not providing for his family. Punishment can be used as a deterrent to stop the criminal committing crime. It can also be a form of â€Å"revenge† on the criminal for his actions. It makes them suffer for their crime. The punishment can also protect society from the criminal. The criminal could be dangerous, and it could be for the publics wellbeing and the criminals welfare if he is punished. Punishment can also be used to give the criminal a chance to restructure his life, so they can change their ways and make him less likely to commit another crime. The arguments for bringing it back can be entirely debated. One argument is that it deters potential murders. I believe this is untrue as it is proven that most murders are committed in a moment of passion so the alleged killer would not really be thinking about the repercussions. If a person is coldly killing people, I believe the person may have a problem, possibly mental health issues, and should see a psychiatrist rather that being locked up. Some say that capital punishment defends civilians and police from violence. But I ask what is jail for? The argument for, is deeply weighted, as it can then be argued, once the accused has served their prison sentence, they will be released again and therefore be a threat to society again, and will be able to re-commit more crimes. However, if they are put to death, they will not be able to re-offend and consequently not be able to be a threat to society any more. Some people for capital punishment tell me, it costs the taxpayer too much mo ney to keep a criminal in jail and why should they be made to pay for this anyway. But, can you really put a value against human life? Is it not the most priceless and precious gift ever given to you? Also, upon doing research in America where capital punishment still exists, I found out in Texas it costs an average of $2.3m to prosecute and execute a convicted criminal each year, while it only costs $400,000 for life imprisonment. Innocent people will always be preyed on. You just have to be in the wrong place at the wrong time and BANG, all your freedom is gone, or if capital punishment was brought back, your life. Since 1973, ninety-five of the inmates on death row in America have been fully cleared by the courts. One man, by the name of Kerry Sanders, a mental health patient, was picked up for sleeping on a bench during October 1993 in LA. A routine check showed that a Robert Sanders had escaped from a prison in New York that morning. This Kerry Sanders was obviously not Robert Sanders yet was still arrested. As he was had mental health issues, he signed a confession saying he was Robert Sanders because â€Å"he was told to†. He was sent to a maximum security prison where he was sexually assaulted by other inmates, all while his mother and sister were searching over the streets of LA for him. Only after the real Robert Sanders was arrested, was he set free. But, imagine had this man been sentenced to earth, you would not be able to bring him back to life. Religion is the oldest argument in the book and can swing both ways. Jesus said â€Å"to turn the other cheek† thus saying do not use capital punishment as a form of revenge. It is also reported when a woman was going to be stoned to death for committing adultery, Jesus told the crowd that â€Å"he without sin â€Å" should throw the first stone consequently saying that it is not humans here on earth right to judge and punish another person. In Judaism, they believe â€Å"an eye for and eye† and â€Å"a tooth for a tooth†, and in Islam, the laws state that for certain crimes, such as murder or adultery, the death penalty should be used. In spite of this, both religions have long traditions of justice and mercy, and Islam says, even if the execution is at that moment taking place, if the victim’s family forgive the accused, the death penalty should not be carried out. I therefore believe capital punishment is wrong, and that under no circumstances should it be used. Yet, I also believe â€Å"life imprisonment† should mean just that, and not just 10- 12 years. In order to protect society, â€Å"life imprisonment without parole† should be considered. This would not only take into consideration the welfare of the innocent, but also if someone was wrongly accused, they would be able to be released whereas you cannot do this with capital punishment. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Capital Punishment topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Three Review Exercises in Subject-Verb Agreement

Three Review Exercises in Subject-Verb Agreement These three review exercises will give you practice in applying the rules of subject-verb agreement. After you have completed each exercise, compare your responses with the answers. Agreement Exercise A For each pair of sentences below, write out the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Keep to the present tense, and be guided by our four tips for agreement and our three special cases.1. Do you know how to play bocce? The game (do) not require any special athletic abilities.2. There is a new bocce league at the recreational center. There (be) several teams in the league.3. I have a new set of bocce balls. My friend (have) a new pallino ball.4. Bocce is a game for people of all ages. I (be) going to show you how to play.5. The players take turns rolling a ball down the court. Each of the players [take] one ball and aims for the pallino.6. We try to get our balls as close to the pallino as possible. Rick often (try) to bounce his ball off the side of the court.7. Nobody enjoys playing bocce more than I do. Everybody who plays bocce (enjoy) the game.8. There are four players on each team. There (be) a tournament at the end of the season.9. The winners of the tournament carry home a trophy. Everyone (carry) home good memories.10. I am ready to play a game now. You and your friends (be) welcome to join us. Agreement Exercise B For each pair of sentences below, write out the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Keep to the present tense, and be guided by our four tips for agreement and our three special cases.1. Both candidates oppose increased defense spending. Neither of the two candidates (oppose) the war in Iraq.2. Not one of these cell phones belongs to me. One of the phones (belong) to Merdine.3. Most students take all of their classes in the morning. Nobody (take) classes after 2:00.4. One of my hobbies is collecting shopping bags. My hobbies (be) unusual.5. Gus and Merdine want a trial separation. Neither one (want) to move out of the apartment.6. Neither of the players admits that he made an error. Both players (admit) that somebody made a mistake.7. Both the manager and her assistant have been fired. Neither the manager nor her assistant (have) been notified.8. Where is your little brother? Several pages from my journal (be) missing.9. Professor Legree often goes for long walks in the rain. Th e lights in his house (go) on at midnight. 10. The students in the back of the room play poker during breaks. The student who sits next to the refreshments (play) solitaire. Agreement Exercise C In the following paragraph, identify the six errors in subject-verb agreement. According to legend, Santa Claus is a fat old man who visits every house on our planet in about eight hours on one of the coldest nights of the year. Santa, as everybody knows, stop for a glass of milk and a cookie at each house along the route. He prefer to work unnoticed, so he wears a luminous red suit and travels with a pack of bell-jangling reindeer. For reasons that most people does not understand, this jolly old man enters each house not by the front door but through the chimney (whether you has a chimney or not). He customarily gives generously to children in wealthy families, and he usually remind poorer children that its the thought that counts. Santa Claus is one of the earliest beliefs that parents try to instill in their children. After this absurdity, its a wonder that any child ever believe in anything again. Answers to Exercise A (1) does; (2) are; (3) has; (4) am; (5) takes; (6) tries; (7) enjoys; (8) is; (9) carries; (10) are. Answers to Exercise B (1) oppose; (2) belongs; (3) takes; (4) are; (5) wants; (7) has; (8) are; (9) go; (10) plays. Answers to Exercise C (1) Change stop for a glass to stops  for a glass; (2) change prefer to work to prefers  to work; (3) change people does not understand to people  do  not understand; (4) change you has a chimney to you  have  a chimney; (5) change remind poorer children to reminds  poorer children; (6) change child ever believe to child ever  believes.

Analysis of Terrorist Attacks in International Law Research Paper

Analysis of Terrorist Attacks in International Law - Research Paper Example Hague Convention considers the unlawful seizure of an aircraft, an international criminal offense and even the accomplices of the hijackers are charged with the same offense and even the states that get connected to the offense are asked to abide with the international law of hijacking. "The Convention requires each contracting state to take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offense when the offense is committed on board an aircraft registered in that state, or when the aircraft lands in that state with the offender on board, or when the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him to one of the other states just mentioned" American Society of International Law.1" The use of the hijacked aircraft as lethal weapons, resulting in the deaths of hundreds if not thousands of persons, may be a crime against humanity under international law. The Statute of the International Criminal Court, which is in the process of obtaining the necessary ratifications to enter into force, defines a crime against humanity as any of several listed acts "when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack." The acts include murder and "other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health." When the attack happened in 2001 on the World Trade Centre, the International Criminal Court was not yet functioning. Still, the crimes were held as crimes against humanity that would be subject to all domestic criminal courts of the world and eventually they came under the jurisdiction of International Criminal Court. Under the jurisdiction of international law, not only any country could try the terrorists for the terrorist acts within the borders of that particular country irrespective of their nationality and citizenship according to the statutes that are in force, but also the terrorists could be sent to another country for trial if that country's grievance against such terrorists is more severe. All the countries can exercise the universal jurisdiction for the crimes committed against their State. According to the universal law, any country can bring such terrorist offenses under its own law and prosecute the offenders if 'they are within its custody'.International law issues can also crop up if any country is obviously harboring terrorists who have already committed acts of terrorism anywhere in the world. Military action against such a country is definitely not advised, but the country could be the target of many other international actions like sanctions, trade embargos etc. If there is an extradition treaty between the two countries, it should be honored immediately and not doing so, can earn the status of a rogue nation to the un-obliging country.

Key Factors Affect In Car Buying In Shanghai Dissertation

Key Factors Affect In Car Buying In Shanghai - Dissertation Example There were also several corporations that distorted the place of factories in China from dispensation trade bases to production bases for domestic supply depending on the market expansion. In the case of processed food manufacturers, the position of Chinese factories thus far was to process worldwide procured raw materials in China and export them to Japan. This approach is based on the opinion concerning modify in the consumer market that the insist for processed food will produce because there are many dual-income families and families in China often go out for Long routed drive (Kim, L., 2003, 506-521). Findings Consumer market growing at multiple levels According to the latest research, In the Chinese market, the purchasing power of heart income earners and over is increasing in the urban areas of coastal regions. In addition, incomes are rising in the urban areas in the inland and northeastern regions, and consumer behavior is ahead momentum in wide-ranging regions and income groups. At the same time, though, it has become clear from this study that there are lots of factors that cannot be precise by averages, such as differences in consumer behavior in the urban and rural areas in the Chinese market as well as disparities in consumer behavior by income group inside cities as well. Retailers such as Car dealers that have entered the Chinese market have seen strapping business results in China, which has acceded to the WTO and is rapidly making progress in deregulation.

Causes of Job Turnovers and Staff Retention Issues

Causes of Job Turnovers and Staff Retention Issues STAFF RETENTION INTRODUCTION Staff turnover has become the norm today in the manufacturing, service and merchandising / merchandise industry. Employees are moving from one form of employment to another because of several factors that the employers have not yet grasped. In this regard many industry players are busy defining ways to protect turnover of its employees. The most affected part of this is the merchandising industry. In the bid to prove muscle in the fastest growing industry executives in the merchandising industry are fighting hard the high trend of their staff consistently changing jobs (Omondi 2). Today generating an atmosphere favorable and valued by all employees in the ever changing employee market may not be as pain-streaking as it may appear to the larger population. It engages a number of issues may make the brilliant minds that make up your staffs want to stay in the organization. A combination of this contribution may eventually lead to higher number of employees and thus reduce turnover. The contributions made above require that they be performed in tandem for observable achievement to be achieved. Grasping the skill of staff retention requires that management delve deeply into what causes turnover of staff in institutions. Many questions should be put on the table in order to ascertain reasons why one would want to work in one organization and not prefer to work in another organization. The managements should not rest at that but proceed to look into the subsequent period that the employee has been absorbed into an organization. By asking these questions it is easy to discern that there are a lot of issues that have been left wanting for a long time. i find it easy to look at this issues by sympathizing with the employee and trying to assume his shoes at the company. This in real meaning requires doing proper research on standard ethical models that might be brought on board to encourage retention of employees. In the recent past the employers used to retain employees . The confidence thus gained goes down well with those in the precincts of work thus offering them purpose and presence. Boosting the moral of workers is one way of improving confidence of staff. In this regard even the general productivity of the company of the company can be noticed. Working closely and collectively in addition grants the staff presence. Al in all its just a matter of saying thank you as morality demands. There are different styles of leadership in institutions that influence how relationships in the work place take place. People in leadership roles should be in the fore front in show wing proper codes of conduct to their employees, as opposed totaking the hind seat. In turn the employees may feel very motivated within the working environments that they are working. This enabling environment will thus lead to a sense of belonging by the individuals and cohesiveness thus leading to teamwork translating into a proud team. For one to retain staff he or she has to consider several important issues of the work place. BACKGROUND Draper Co. Ltd. Found in 1987 is a sweater manufacturer that employs more than 100 people in Hong Kong. Since garment companies had bloomed in recent years. The role for merchandising people become more difficult and the manpower is short in the labor market. Draper is facing the problem of high staff turnover rate. In addition, with opening of the mainland market. Many foreign enterprises had set up their merchandising sections in Hong Kong and some enterprises also invite Hong Kong garment companies to cope with their expanding business. As a result, the job vacancies of merchandisers increased tremendously. Among the merchandising industry, garment sections are highest in demand for merchandisers. This is due to the fast growing of the sectors as well as the high employee turnover rate and the lack of talent in the labour market. With the goal of identifying predictors of turnover, factors and employees intention to leave or stay with the company will be the major issue of Draper Co. Ltd. 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS Initially, the establishment of the project required the involvement of different parties who would provide data and statistical analysis. The study required involvement of external organizations which would require them to allow access their staff to cooperate during the course of the research. Unfortunately some of these merchants turned down request to take part a little after the project was already initialized, it was quite unfortunate. The team of researchers contacted several nationwide merchandise groups to request them to take part in the research as a subsequent measure. Within a short period of time, two particular merchandisers articulated formal concern and primarily arranged to play a part in the project but with the approval of the Board of Governors of their respectful organisations. The team of researchers used up considerable hours meeting with a variety of the team of people representing the merchandisers and giving important information related to the research and showing presentations that highlight the scope of the study. An agreement was made with these merchandisers that the research panel would conduct industry job and staff retention survey within the merchandise organization, rather than concentrating on organizational loop holes as it would imply that there are indeed loop holes, in their respective organisations which might not be the truly case. However because of various unpredicted situations including the falling ill of one of the team members who acted as coordinator of the research team and these respectful merchandisers, the merchandisers in the end made the decision to withdraw its cooperation, leaving operation of the research between a rock a rock and a hard place. The research team then informed the Draper Co. Ltd of the current problems and suggesting a different research method design that would still be in line aims of the project and the objectives outlined before the research was initially flagged off. In this respec t, a decision was made to advertise across various merchandise outlets to secure individual people working as merchandisers to act as respondents from different retail outlets, thus eliminating the process of approaching company heads or Board of Governors for endorsement to guarantee a speedy and effortless contact with respondents. The Draper Co. Ltd was highly involved in endorsing the submission for change in the approach for the research. The research carried out by the team concerned conducting 100 partially controlled telephone interviews with with merchandisers from different merchandising firms including own staff at Draper Co. Ltd . The research method design of the survey was cautiously designed and conversant with preceding works that dwelled on employee equality and diversity concerns all over the work evironment (e.g. Sutherland and Davidson, 1997). The design of the interviews was such that it could be in accordance with the aims and corresponding objectives of the Dr aper Co. Ltd and eventually deal with a array of concerns as well as the recognition of possible occupational improvement barriers and the recognition of approaches for conquering these limitations, chances for education and training, job promotions and provision for leadership. The partially controlled interview timetable was then stored in secure modules and safe websites secured with passwords, which eventually made it easy for members of the research panel to enter information directly into the research database and online pages, and at the same time carrying out interviews with respondents all over the merchandising industry. The details of the research methodology and what will be contained in the schedule for the is described in the subsequent sections. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE This study was led by a research team commissioned by the Draper Co. Ltd. The research team was selected by the management of the company with advise by the legal advise wing experts. It was agreed that 16 members be brought aboard the the team of researchers. The main goal of identifying predictors of turnover, factors and employees intention to leave or stay with the company will be the major issue of Draper Co. Ltd. The aims of the project were as follows: To examine two sets of potential causes of job turnovers and eventual staff retention mechanisms: firstly, those that impede the retention of workers in the organization and secondly, those that speeds the exit of the players from the organizations. Identify strategies for overcoming these barriers Investigate the feasibility of constructing a national database, documenting the career paths of women in the merchandise industry Develop, publish and disseminate good practice guidelines and recommendations using reports, conference presentations, feedback seminars, academic journals and merchandise specialist and national press. The objectives of the project were to: Investigate two sets of potential reasons for staff leaving the company: firstly, those that accelerate the exit of workers and merchandisers and secondly, those that impede the efforts of retaining staff in the organization. Identify strategies for overcoming these reasons. Investigate the feasibility of constructing a national database, documenting the career paths of workers in the merchandise industry. Develop, publish and disseminate good practice guidelines and recommendations using reports, conference presentations, feedback seminars, academic journals and merchandise specialist and national press. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Why this company has high staff turnover rate Why staff relationship will make new comer difficult to fit in team work What relationship caused high staff turnover rate How to retain staff in this company Does the management policy affect staff retention Does the company is responsive to employees needs and wants Does companys reputation retain staff RESEARCH METHOD 3. Research Methodology Having discussed the complexity of the retail industry and the related literature, the following chapter attempts to identify and describe the research design and sampling type. After which, the chosen research method will be introduce and how the collected data is being tabulated will be discuss. In addition, the hypotheses of this study will be derived at the later part of this chapter. 3.1 Research Design Research design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a specific research project. It is a detailed blueprint used to guide the implementation of a research study towards the realization of its objectives (Wong, 1999). According to many authors (Churchill, 1999; Wong, 1999; and Zikmund, 2000), there are three types of research design, namely the exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research. Exploratory research is known to be the best suited for situations that have relatively little or nothing known about the study. The essence of this research design is to focus on two main ingredients listening and discovering, in order to provide a great understanding of a concept (Wong, 1999) and to clarify and define the nature of a problem (Zikmund, 2000). These authors also pointed out that exploratory research can be conducted with four approaches which are literature search, experience survey, focus group discussion and in-depth interview. These open-ended, flexible and interactive qualitative approaches help to formulate problems more precisely but not providing accurate statistical information. Descriptive research aims a describing the characteristics of the population under the study such as the behaviours of consumers. It is primarily concerned with the gathering of numeric, measurable data and it is recommended when the research purpose is centered on providing accurate, statistically reliable data. Descriptive research is being broken down into both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies (Zikmund, 2000 and Wong, 1999). Longitudinal studies involve panels (Churchill, 1991) and provide measurements at successive points of time of an event. On the other hand, being the most common and familiar (Churchill, 1991), cross-sectional studies describe an event at one particular point of time and it is useful in facilitating comparisons between different population subgroups (Wong, 1999). Finally, causal research is to explore and establish a cause-and-effect relationship, if any, between variables through laboratory and/or field experiments (Wong, 1999, p58). Cross-sectional study was chosen for this study. This is because cross-sectional study relies on a sample of elements from the population of interest that are measured at a single point in time (Churchill, 1999) and it can at best yield measurement data (Wong, 1999, p. 57). Hence, this research design suit in this study because it attempted to measure how consumers make decision. 3.2 Sampling Design Wong (1999, p.54) pointed out that descriptive research requires a reasonably large number of respondents (i.e., sample size) to supply the required information. Although it is recognized that a convenience sample is not always truly representative of the population, the author of this study had decided to adopt this method due to time restraints. The author adopted convenience sampling of non-probability sampling as it aids convenience and efficiency and also generates a large number of sample sizes. This is because it involves the selection of people who are most conveniently available to the interviewer (Wong, 1999). Due to time constraint, the gathering of responses for this study would be greatly base on convenience. Convenience gathering of responses and ability to contact the respondents (if necessary), has allowed the author of this study to choose both Marketing Institute of Singapores (MIS) part-time and full-time students as the main target respondents. In addition, friends, colleagues and family members of both the respondents and the author would be approached as well. 3.3 Data Collection for this Study According to Wong (1999), marketing data may be classified into two basic types: primary data and secondary data. Primary data refer to those collected to meet the specific research needs at hand. Secondary data on the other hand, refer to existing information which has previously been collected and reported by some individual or organization, and which are other than the research problem at hand. Thus the distinction between primary and secondary data lies in the original purpose of data collection. 3.3.1 Secondary Research Secondary data is an essential element of almost all research carried out. According to Churchill (1999, p. 253) secondary data possess significant cost and time advantages. This is because, the existence of secondary data can in many instances dismiss the need for potentially expensive and time-consuming field work as secondary data exists aplenty from internal and external data sources (Wong, 1999). Apart from time-saving and cost economics, secondary data is less subject to intentional bias. Also as certain types of information may be impractically or virtually impossible to gather through data approach, secondary data are the only alternative (Wong, 1999). Therefore, secondary data enable this study to avoid biasness that might be made unintentionally by the author during the development of the hypotheses. Hence in this study, journals from electronic databases such as Emerald and Ebsco were reviewed to aid the development of the study. The use of journals was to serve as a basis to draw the hypotheses of this study. However, Wong (1999) pointed out that one of the disadvantages of secondary data is that it became outdated easily in an ever-changing environment, and often, there were differences in classification or measurement as well as lack of accuracy. The above appeared true to the author as some of the journals being reviewed appeared to be outdated and inaccurate due to different areas of focus. The author also found that there was limited access to many online research websites and the availability of journals on store atmosphere in the retail context was also limited. Therefore both the retail and service context were being reviewed in the process. With the difficulties mentioned above, it was anticipated that the secondary research found would not be sufficient to fulfill the objectives of this study. As mentioned by Churchill (1999), when problem is not yet resolved with secondary data, the researcher should proceed to primary data. Therefore, the author of the study moved on to gather primary data for the completion of this study. 3.3.2 Primary Research Primary data prove its importance when the required information for marketing research/evaluation may not be available from secondary data sources. For the purpose of this study, the author had decided to use quantitative research. This is because, according to Wong (1999, p.110), quantitative research is used when the primary objective is to derive numeric or quantifiable data which is statistically accurate and reliable. Quantitative research is also recommended when there exists a need for accurate numeric data. Due to time constraint, the author decided to avoid open-ended questions and adopt close-ended questions on the questionnaire. This is because, close-ended questions are easily administered by an unskilled interviewer compared to open-ended questions and it is also much easier and faster for statistical data tabulation and data comparison. In addition, the checklist of responses in the questionnaire helps reduce difficulty in memory-recall that respondent might encounter in responding open-ended question (Wong, 1999). On the other hand, the checklist of responses may not be as comprehensive and alternate responses that appear in the checklist may create position bias, which will cause the respondent to be unable to freely express him or herself, and often detailed information is being missed (Wong, 1999, p.138). 3.3.3 Questionnaire Development The questionnaire used for this study consists of three sections, namely demographics, Closed-ended questions (Dichotomous questions Multiple-choice questions) and Scaling questions (Agree-disagree questions). Section A served to gather data on respondents personal particular such as gender, age group, highest education level attained, occupation and monthly Income level. Section B aimed to gather data on respondents view towards the impact of store atmosphere on consumers emotions, purchase and repatronage behaviour. It will determine to what extent each atmospheric elements influence respondents mood and purchasing behaviour. Five-point Likert-scale statement (1=Strongly Disagree and 5=Strongly Agree) was being used to allow respondents to rank and identify the degree of influence of each of the atmospheric elements. Responses were also sought regarding consumers patronage behaviour. 3.3.4 Pre-testing The objective of pre-testing is to ensure that the questionnaire used in this study is easily understood and not misinterpreted by the respondents. There should also be minimal possible difficulties faced by respondents in answering the questionnaire. For the reliability of this study, pre-testing is vital to ensure the accuracy of the data collected. The questionnaire was pre-tested via a small-scale pilot test with 5 respondents and subsequent changes were made. The author sent the questionnaire via email to the 5 respondents and they where asked to attempt the questionnaire and provide comments and feedbacks. After gathering the feedbacks and comments, the questionnaire was being modified and refined to meet the objectives of this study. In order to improve the clarity of the questionnaire, redevelopment of the questionnaire was required. The author had to refine the section A and rephrase some misleading questions in Section B. Some questions that were being duplicated and confusing to the respondents were omitted. New questions were also developed and integrated into the questionnaire to achieve the objective of the study. 3.3.5 Final Data Collection After redeveloping the questionnaire, the new questionnaire (appendix ) was ready for the actual distribution and data collection. The questionnaire was being distributed both online and offline to MIS part-time and full-time students as well as their friends, colleagues and family members. Naturally, offline respondents are more responsive to the completion of the questionnaire. This is because they tend to complete the questionnaire the moment they receive it and return to the author right after completion. Although online distributions of the questionnaire enable wider participation and easier distribution, it is commonly view as spam mails and ignored by receivers. Therefore, there were a total of 49 responses from offline distribution and 39 online responses which resulted in a total of 85 responses that served as primary data for this study. 3.3.6 Data Analysis Method SPSS 13.0 version was being used for data analysis in this study. The author made use of one sample T-test, paired sample T-test, chi-square and correlation to conduct testing of the hypotheses. The statements used to measure the variables were assessed on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree with numerical value of one being strongly disagree and five being strongly agree. 3.4 Hypotheses â€Å"A hypothesis is a statement that specifies how two or more measurable variables are related. A good hypothesis carries clear implications for testing stated relationships†, (Churchill, 1999, p.101). As stated, for this study, it was important to measure the impact of the influence of the atmospheric elements of a store on consumers mood and behaviour. Hence, the following hypotheses were derived for this study. Based upon the theories reviewed, it is hypothesized that: Mood H1a: Colours has a significant influence on consumers mood in the store H1b: Lighting have a significant effect on consumers mood of the store H1c: Music has a significant effect on consumers mood of the store H1d: Scent has a significant influence on consumers mood of the store H2: Mood is positively influencing consumers length of stay in a store Spontaneous Purchase H3a: Consumers will have a more favourable attitude toward merchandise with the effects of store atmospheres H3b: Effects of store atmospherics on merchandise is positively influencing spontaneous purchase in the store H4: Income level is influencing spontaneous purchase that is caused by store atmospherics Repatronage Intention H5: Consumers will exhibit greater degree of patronage intention when the store atmosphere appeals to them H6: Gender, Age and Education level influence consumers evaluation of stores image The responses gathered from the questionnaire were then entered into SPSS 13.0 for statistical analysis. 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3 Secondary data such as journals and textbooks were being reviewed before conducting the actual primary research. This was to allow the author to further understand the review on Store Atmospherics, mood and repatronage behaviour before developing the questionnaire for primary data collection and to develop the hypotheses of this study. A total of 89 responses were collected via online and offline distribution to enter into SPSS 13.0 for statistical analysis. Conclusive Research Design Descriptive Research Method: Data Analysis is quantitative Secondary data survey Questionnaire Survey Data Collection Survey analysis by launched an Employee Workplace Survey to gather data that would identity why do employees stay/leave the company? Identifying factors influencing retention to gather data from across the employee population of the company. TERMINOLOGIES DISSERTATION OUTLINES Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This Section looks at the main literature in this area. The first sections focus on the structure of merchandising and the broader profile of the sector. The section then moves on to its main concern which is the job retention of merchandisers at junior and senior levels in merchandise. Merchandising is an economic sector, which has traditionally been associated with the employment of merchandisers. Overall, 60% of low skilled employees are merchandisers and 40% are skilled. Whilst these figures show that the merchandise sector clearly employs a larger number of low skilled than the skilled, it is not a ‘balanced industry (Skillsmart, 2006). The representation of low skill workers in the merchandise sector however, follows a number of important patterns. Official statistics are used to highlight the predominance of merchandisers in part time work in the merchandise sector and the under representation of merchandisers at senior levels. According to Skillsmart, (2006), official f igures are general and are unlikely to provide a clear understanding of the dynamics relating to the position in which merchandisers are employed in merchandise sector. The following sections therefore outline theories that have been offered to account for these gender disparities, particularly in relation to barriers for merchandisers attempting to progress into senior management positions. An examination of managing diversity is then offered and potential mechanisms for ensuring merchandise organisations fully utilise the talents of all employees to maximise productivity is discussed. 2.2 The structure of the merchandise sector The merchandise sector is the largest private sector employer in the Hong Kong yet it is rarely recognized as such. Skill smart (a not for profit organisation, set up and part funded by Government to identify and address the skills needs of the Hong Kong merchandise sector), suggest that this is, possibly because its workforce is not concentrated in any particular region or locality. In fact, the merchandise sector is the largest public sector employer in the Hong Kong. Furthermore, Wang XI Inc is the Hong Kongs second largest employer after the Jubilee (Skillsmart, 2004). Overall, the merchandise sector employs three million people throughout the Hong Kong, which accounts for approximately ten per cent of employment throughout the Hong Kong. However, the structure of the industry is unusual, and is described by Skillsmart, as ‘hourglass shaped. The overwhelming majority (95%) work in firms with less than ten employees. Consequently, there is significantly less (just over two hundred) merchandise employers with more than fifty staff, reflecting the â€Å"hourglass shape† of the industry profile. 2.3 Present profile of turnover of employees Employment expectations have risen slightly in (Q1) from an already high level in Q4. Of the 514 executives surveyed, 54% expect to increase their hiring which is slightly up from 53% the previous.Year-on-year, expectations have remained steady. The 54% planning to grow headcount this year is at the same level as Q1 2006, though there are some variations between the sectors surveyed. Companies are extremely confident about how they will perform in the next six months with 95% of respondents forecasting their companys performance to be excellent or good in the first half of 2007. Respondents in Hong Kong report higher levels of staff turnover than in any other market surveyed in Asia with 37% stating that turnover in the last twelve months has exceeded 10% (Hudson, 2007). Hudson, one of the worlds leading professional recruitment, outsourcing and talent management solution providers, today released findings of its comprehensive quarterly Hudson Report for Asia. With a reputation as a key socio-economic indicator in the current marketplace since its Asia launch in December 1998, the survey has been built on the premise that employers expectations of an increase or decrease in staffing levels represent a significant indication of their optimism in the growth of their organisation and their industry as a whole. The Hudson Report represents the expectations of over 2,200 key employment decision makers from multinational organisations of all sizes in all major industry sectors, with 514 of these executives based in Hong Kong. 2.4 The general profile of employees in the merchandise sector Traditionally the merchandise sector is associated with the employment of low level and unskilled workers, the vast majority of whom work in the lower ranks of the organizational hierarchy. The profile of employees in merchandise also follows a number of other patterns. The merchandise sector for example employs a large proportion of young people. According to recent estimates 29% of those employed in the sector are between the ages of 16 to 24. This is compared to the overall economy figure of 14%. It has been suggested that this figure may be due to the popularity of merchandise as a part-time occupation for young people and students (Skillsmart, 2006). Merchandise is also a popular choice for older workers (those over 55). In terms of ethnic minority employment, the merchandise sector employs a similar proportion to those figures available nationally (Skillsmart, 2006). Recent research has shown however, that certain recruitment practices may prevent ethnic minorities from gaining employment in merchandise organizations. For example a study for Birmingham and Manchester cities in Britain for example, found that employers might specify jobs as a matter of course that require the staff to work on Saturdays without realizing that a large pool of potential workers would be unable to work on this day as it is their Sabbath (Vector research, 2003). 2.4 The trends common in the merchandise sector Merchandise is an economic sector, which has traditionally been associated with the employment of diverse people of different background. Overall, 55% of merchandise employees are women and 45% are men (Skillsmart, 2006). This gender factor in the merchandise sector remains fairly consistent throughout the nations and regions of the Hong Kong and this profile has been fairly consistent over the last 10 years. Skill level has also played a bigger part in influencing how long an employee is wiling to stay in a given organization. Better salaries in other organizations may lead to employees moving from their respective place of work in pursuit for better opportunities(Hudson, 2006). Level of qualification gives workers a broader spectrum of work opportunities that they gladly take into considerations. Skillsmart (2006) suggest that Hong Kongs larger ethnic population is likely to be the source of this greater proportion of the workers in the capital run by ethnic minorities may proprietorship driven by highly skilled male people. It is important to note however, that t he representation of retention in the merchandise sector follows a number of

Case Study: Cappuccino Wars

1)  The coffee culture of the United States has been taken up by a storm in the United Kingdome as well. The gourmet coffee consumption in the regions increased and the presence of four major chains of coffee in the country have enabled easy access to any type of coffee required or desired by the consumers. The reason for the increase and the popularity of the coffee bars in the region is mostly related to the lifestyle and the environment of the region. The United Kingdom is essentially a very cold region where one can feel cool winter chills even in the summer months of June and July. As a result, coffee as a beverage would have been very popular in the region. However the different hundreds of varieties made available to the consumers piqued their interest as well as their taste buds.Previously the region was used to the unappealing black and grey coffee which did not come in many variations. However with the use of Brazilian coffee and Italian coffee making machines, the gourme t coffee bards were able to provide the customers with a diverse product offering which was delicious and attractive at the same time. The consumer as a result, is also willing to pay a high price for these coffees. The other strategy that was adopted by the coffee bars was to introduce a relaxing atmosphere and ambience at their shops. This attracted the customers to come in the shop, buy their beverages and spend some time socializing or simply catching up on current events or their work.The other reason as to why coffee shops have become so popular in the region of UK is because of the convenience they offer. The wide spread of the shops has made its possible for the competing as well as same retailer owned shops to be located within a hundred yards of each other. This gives the customer the convenience and the choice of getting a coffee when ever they want and wherever they want. Aside from this the various flavours offered by the shops have provided the customers with an array of choices and customisation. The customers love making choices and this makes the experience of buying and consuming a complex and flavourful brew of coffee very attractive for the customers.2)  If I were to be visiting a coffee bar for the first time there would be multiple factors influencing my decision pertaining to the purchase of coffee and the repeat consumption of coffee from the specific shop. These factors would include my mood, my attitude towards the shop, the brand name of the shops, the associations with the image of the shop or the brand, the attitude of my peers with the shop, the reviews that are available for the products and services offered by the shop.Aside from this the factors would also include my personal opinion of the shop, the kind of coffee I want and the various forms of coffees that are offered by the shop. The traffic coming in and going out of the shop as well as the ambiance would also be a important facto of my decision making activity. Aside fo rm this I would want the coffee to be healthy and prepared in a hygiene environment as a result cleanliness and hygiene would also play a crucial part in my decision of going to a certain shop for buying the coffee.However if I have already visited the shop and bought a coffee from there, then my decision making factors would slightly change. By now I would have formed an opinion about the shop and would make my decision according to this. The opinion would be made up of my experience with the staff and the service, the experience of consuming the coffee as well my personal taste of the ambiance in the shop. The satisfaction that I derived form the coffee however would be the most important decision for me in the case of repeat purchase behaviour.My decision to buy coffee can be a high involvement decision as well as a low involvement decision. Initially the decision to go to a shop for the first time would be a high involvement decision as I would be checking the place out and aski ng for reviews form people. However once I have been there the decision for going to the same shop would become a low involvement decision.3)  The leading coffee shops in the UK including Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Cafà © Nero and Coffee Republic have all had been selling large amounts of coffee to the customers, however they have been unable to make any substantial amounts of profits. The main reason for this is that they are currently because of their expansion strategy and the product offering.They are providing the customers with a highly diverse kind of product however the price they are charging is high and premium price based however it is not enough for them to cover the cost of the customizations and the high quality raw materials required in the manufacturing and processing of these coffees. Moreover the intense competition in the industry has made them restrict the level to which they can decrease their prices as the other company in the industry also follows the price d ecrease making the effect the sae. However the margin available to the companies is getting reducesThe other reason is that the expansion strategy especially by Starbucks is eating up into the target market scope and share of the branches of the various coffee bars. This has reduced the traffic coming in per bar, while the number of coffee bars have been increasing. This decrease in the traffic combined with the low margins has made the profitability of these bars almost non existent.The option available to the coffee and related beverage retailers like Starbucks and other serious competitors is to improve the efficiency of their operations. The business will have to perform business process reengineering whereby the have to find out the various inefficiencies that exist in their business processes. Special attention has to be given to the cost inefficiencies present.These need to be identified and improved on or eliminated. By getting more efficient in their operations the stores w ill be able to report profits for their operations. One of the main strategies that the companies might have to take up would be to close down its highly inefficient and loss bearing stores. Aside from this those stores which are not present at strategic location should be eliminated as well in order to cut down the costs of operations.4)  The coffee bars are usually located in the centres of the towns and the streets as this is where most of the traffic tends to pass from. The chance of getting a customer in these regions is very high. However in order to provide the coffee to places where the people actually require them would involve taking the shop to the consumers.This would involve setting up a coffee kiosk in the school during lunch times or in the offices during lunch break. Aside from this the shops can be placed near the vicinity of large schools, colleges and office building. Placing the shop in such strategic locations will allow the customers to conveniently come to t he shop themselves. Aside form this it is also possible to open a coffee bar inside a college campus as well. This is because the study cramming sessions conducted by the students require caffeine laden beverages and they would appreciate the presence of a coffee bar in such convenient vicinity.Other locations where the presence of a coffee shop can be profitable for business as well as satisfactory for the customers would be near political and government offices, near army training camps as well as in hospitals. The presence of such coffee shops would be much appreciated in hospitals as people tend to have a lack of choice for beverages like coffee and snacks in the hospital. The coffee shops can also be located at prominent regional, national as well as international tourism spots and hotels. This would provide the tourists as well as the working staff to the coffee culture providing them will high quality coffee products at their convenience.ReferenceThorburn, S., (2006), Analyst Comment, Marketing, p35-35, retrieved November 10, 2007